Research

Working Papers and Work in Progress

Effects of school meals on nutrition: Evidence from the start of the school year, Draft coming soon

Bitler, Marianne, Janet Currie, Hilary Hoynes, Krista Ruffini, Lisa Schulkind, and Barton Willage.

Social Security Disability Reform and Implications for Employment, Draft coming soon

Hilary Hoynes, Nicole Maestas, Alexander Strand

Legal Representation in Disability Claims

Hilary Hoynes, Nicole Maestas, Alexander Strand | NBER Working Paper 29871 | Current Draft | Slides

Research Summaries: Squared Away, NBER Bulletin on Retirement and Disability

Experimental Evidence on Distributional Impacts of Head Start [Revise and resubmit, Journal of Political Economy]

Marianne P. Bitler, Thurston Domina, Hilary Hoynes | GSPP Working Paper (August 2014) | Current Draft, Slides

Research Summaries: UC Berkeley IRLE, UC Davis Center for Poverty Research

Published Work

Administrative Burdens as a Mechanism of Inequality in Policy Implementation

Herd, Pamela, Hilary Hoynes, Jamila Michener, and Donald Moynihan. Co-Editors, Administrative Burdens as a Mechanism of Inequality in Policy Implementation, RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences September 2023, 9 (5) 1-30 [double issue].

Introduction: Administrative Burden as a Mechanism of Inequality in Policy Implementation

Herd, Pamela, Hilary Hoynes, Jamila Michener, and Donald Moynihan, “Introduction: Administrative Burden as a Mechanism of Inequality in Policy Implementation,” RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences September 2023, 9 (5) 1-30.

Mothers as Insurance: Family Spillovers in WIC

Bitler, Marianne, Janet Currie, Hilary Hoynes, Krista Ruffini, Lisa Schulkind, and Barton Willage. “Mothers as Insurance: Family Spillovers in WIC,” Forthcoming, Journal of Health Economics. Online Appendix.

Suffering, the Safety Net and Disparities during COVID-19

Marianne Bitler, Hilary Hoynes and Diane Schanzenbach, “Suffering, the Safety Net and Disparities during COVID-19,” RSF: Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences, Edited by Steven Raphael and Daniel Schneider, Vol. 9, Issue 3, May 2023.

Benefits and the Tax Code

Hilary Hoynes, Robert Joyce, Tom Waters “Benefits and the Tax Code”, Deaton Review on Inequality (Feb 2023) [FINAL VERSION]

Press: Webinar for paper release, Guardian

Is the Social Safety Net a Long-Term Investment? Large-Scale Evidence from the Food Stamps Program

Bailey, Martha, Hilary Hoynes, Maya Rossin-Slater, Reed Walker, Forthcoming, Review of Economic Studies | FINAL VERSION (May 2022) | Slides | NBER Working Paper (April 2020) | Replication files

Press: University of Michigan News, Phys.org, NBER Digest, Stone Center. MicroEconomic Insights

Children and the U.S. Social Safety Net: Balancing Disincentives for Adults and Benefits for Children

Anna Aizer, Hilary Hoynes and Adriana Lleras-Muney “Children and the U.S. Social Safety Net: Balancing Disincentives for Adults and Benefits for Children”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, (36):2 Spring 2022, pp. 149-74. | NBER Working paper 29754.

Press: Planet Money (featured on newsletter), Quartz

Blog/Research Summaries: Washington Center for Equitable Growth


The Social Safety Net in the Wake of COVID-19

Marianne Bitler, Hilary Hoynes and Diane Whitmore Schanzenbach. “The Social Safety Net in the Wake of COVID-19” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Summer 2020, Part One, 119-145. | Slides

Policy Briefs/Paper Summaries: Equitable Growth, O-Lab, UC Davis Center for Poverty and Inequality Research

Press: New York Times, Politico

Cyclicality of the U.S. Safety Net: Evidence from the 2000s and Implications for the Covid-19 Crisis

Marianne Bitler, Hilary Hoynes and John Iselin. “Cyclicality of the U.S. Safety Net: Evidence from the 2000s and Implications for the Covid-19 Crisis,” National Tax Journal, September 2020, 73 (3), 759–780.

In-Work Credits in the UK and the US

Mike Brewer and Hilary Hoynes. 2020. “In-Work Credits in the UK and the US,” Fiscal Studies, vol. 40, no. 4, pp. 519–560.

Local Food Prices, SNAP Purchasing Power, and Child Health

Erin Bronchetti, Garret Christensen and Hilary Hoynes “Local Food Prices, SNAP Purchasing Power, and Child Health,” The Journal of Health Economics, Volume 68, December 2019. | Slides | NBER Working Paper

Press/Blogs: Brookings Blog, BFI Research Highlight, Center for Budget and Policy Priorities, Brookings

The Earned Income Tax Credit

Hilary Hoynes. 2020. “The Earned Income Tax Credit,” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Volume 686, Special Issue on Entitlement Reform, November 2019.

Universal Basic Income in the US and Advanced Countries

Hilary Hoynes and Jesse Rothstein. 2019. “Universal Basic Income in the United States and Advanced Countries,” Annual Review of Economics, Volume 11, pp. 929–58. | Slides | NBER Working Paper | Video of Talk on UBI: Festival Economia Trento 

Press: Saramento Bee, Vox, Christian Post, KOMO News, Wall Street Journal, Ufficio Stampa, La Repubblica, Countable, CNBC, Knowledge Magazine, Mashable, Vox, The New Yorker

Strengthening SNAP as an Automatic Stabilizer

Hilary Hoynes and Diane Schanzenbach (2019), "Strengthening SNAP as an Automatic Stabilizer" in Recession Ready: Fiscal Policies to Stabilize the American Economy, edited by Heather Boushey, Ryan Nunn and Jay Shambaugh. The Hamilton Project.

Press: New York Times, Brookings, The Regulatory Review

How do the U.S and Canadian social safety nets compare for women and children?

Hilary Hoynes and Mark Stabile (2019), “How do the U.S and Canadian social safety nets compare for women and children?” Journal of Labor Economics Volume 37, number S2, pp: S253-S288. | Slides

Safety Net Investments in Children

Hilary Hoynes and Diane Whitmore Schanzenbach, “Safety Net Investments in Children,” Brookings Papers on Econonomic Activity, Fall 2018.

Press: Wall Street Journal, Brookings, Washington Post, The Economist, New York Times, Bloomberg Opinion, The Economist, LA Times, Washington Post, New York Times

Effective Policy for Reducing Poverty and Inequality? The Earned Income Tax Credit and the Distribution of Income

Hilary Hoynes and Ankur Patel, “Effective Policy for Reducing Poverty and Inequality? The Earned Income Tax Credit and the Distribution of Income,” Journal of Human Resources 53:859-890, 2018.

Online Appendix | Addendum | Summary | Slides | Replication materials

Media: Vox, Center for Budget and Policy Priorities, Bloomberg View, AEI Ideas, Bloomberg Business, Forbes, The American Prospect, Cal Matters

Making Work Pay Better Through an Expanded Earned Income Tax Credit

Hilary Hoynes, Jesse Rothstein and Krista Ruffini, "Making Work Pay Better Through an Expanded Earned Income Tax Credit" in Diane Whitmore Schanzenbach and Ryan Nunn, eds, The 51% Driving Growth through Women's Economic Participation, The Hamilton Project. | Policy Proposal 

Media: Pacific Standard, Real Clear Markets

Can Variation in Subgroups' Average Treatment Effects Explain Treatment Effect Heterogeneity? Evidence from a Social Experiment

Marianne Bitler, Jonah Gelbach and Hilary Hoynes, “Can Variation in Subgroups' Average Treatment Effects Explain Treatment Effect Heterogeneity? Evidence from a Social Experiment,” Review of Economics and Statistics. 99(4): 683-697 (October 2017). | Replication materials on Dataverse

Child Poverty, the Great Recession, and the Social Safety Net in the United States

Marianne Bitler, Hilary Hoynes and Elira Kuka (2017), “Child Poverty, the Great Recession, and the Social Safety Net in the United States,” Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, Vol 36, Issue 2, pp. 358-389.

Press: New York Times

Do In-Work Tax Credits Serve as a Safety Net?

Marianne Bitler, Hilary Hoynes and Elira Kuka, 2017, “Do In-Work Tax Credits Serve as a Safety Net?” Journal of Human Resources Vol 36, Issue 2, pp. 358-389. | Slides

Press: New York Times | Research Summary: UC Davis Center for Policy Research Policy Brief, NBER Digest

Tax Policy Toward Low-Income Families

Hilary Hoynes and Jesse Rothstein, “Tax Policy Towards Low-Income Families,” The Economics of Tax Policy, Oxford Unviersity Press, Edited by Alan Auerbach and Kent Smetters, 2017.

Media: Brookings Roundup

The EITC: A Key Policy to Support Families Facing Wage Stagnation

IRLE Policy Brief, Institute for Research on Labor and Employment, UC Berkeley, January 2017.

Health and the labor market – New developments in the literature

Hilary Hoynes, Emilia Simeonova, and MarianneSimonsen, "Health and the labor market - New Developments in the Literature," Introduction to Special Issue, Labour Economics. Volume 43, December 2016.

U.S. Food and Nutrition Programs

Hilary Hoynes and Diane Schanzenbach, “U.S. Food and Nutrition Programs,” Economics of Means-Tested Transfer Programs in the United States, Volume I, University of Chicago Press, Robert Moffitt Editor, 2016. | Slides

Strengthening Temporary Assistance for Needy Families

The Hamilton Project, Policy Proposal 2016-04, May 2016. | Full Paper | Policy Brief

Media: Washington Post, Washington Post Editorial Board, Vox, Center for American Progress

The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program: A central component of the social safety net

IRLE Policy Brief, Institute for Research on Labor and Employment, UC Berkeley, April 2016.

Beyond Income: What Else Predicts Very Low Food Security among Children?

Patricia M. Anderson, Kristin F. Butcher, Hilary W. Hoynes, and Diane Whitmore Schanzenbach, “Beyond Income: What Else Predicts Very Low Food Security among Children?” Southern Economic Journal, April 2016.

The More Things Change, the More They Stay the Same? The Safety Net and Poverty in the Great Recession

Marianne Bitler and Hilary Hoynes, “The More Things Change, the More They Stay the Same? The Safety Net and Poverty in the Great Recession,” Journal of Labor Economics 2016, vol. 34, no. 1, pt. 2. | Slides | Appendix

Media: Jared Bernstein Blog, Fortune, Washington Examiner, Wonkblog, PBS, New York Times, Jacobin, The New York Times, Center for American Progress

SNAP and Food Consumption

SNAP Matters: How Food Stamps Affect Health and Well-Being, Edited by Judith Bartfeld, Craig Gundersen, Timothy Smeeding, and James P. Ziliak, Stanford University Press, November 2015.

The Future of SNAP? Improving Nutrition Policy to Ensure Health and Food Equity

Policy Brief, Berkeley Food Instiute, Haas Institute and Goldman School of Public Policy, jointly authored with Sasha Fedlstein (MPP 2016) 

Distributional Effects of a School Voucher Program: Evidence from New York City

Marianne P. Bitler, Thurston Domina, Emily K. Penner, and Hilary W. Hoynes. “Distributional Effects of a School Voucher Program: Evidence from New York City,” Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness. Volume 8, Issue 3, 2015: 419-450. | NBER Working Paper

Media: Profit of Education

Living Arrangements, Doubling Up, and the Great Recession: Was This Time Different?

Marianne P. Bitler and Hilary Hoynes, “Living Arrangements, Doubling Up, and the Great Recession: Was This Time Different?” American Economic Review Papers and Proceedings, Vol. 105 No. 5 (May 2015):166-170. | Slides

Heterogeneity in the Impact of Economic Cycles and the Great Recession: Effects Within and Across the Income Distribution

Marianne P. Bitler and Hilary Hoynes, “Heterogeneity in the Impact of Economic Cycles and the Great Recession: Effects Within and Across the Income Distribution,” American Economic Review, Papers and Proceedings, Vol. 105 No. 5 (May 2015): 154-160. | Slides

Media: 538.com, Bloomberg View

Income, the Earned Income Tax Credit, and Infant Health

Hilary Hoynes, Doug Miller, David Simon. “Income, the Earned Income Tax Credit, and Infant Health,”  American Economic Journal: Economic Policy.7(1): 172–211, February 2015. | Slides |

Media: Development Impact, Inequalities, Slate, National Review, Huffington Post, Wonkblog, Incidental Economist, London School of Economics USApp Blog, 

Research summary: NBER Bulletin on Aging and Health, UC Davis Center for Poverty Research Policy Brief

Responses to Dench and Joyce Comments: August 2018 | January 2019 | November 2019

A Revolution in Poverty Policy: The Earned Income Tax Credit and the Well-Being of American Families

Hilary Hoynes, “A Revolution in Poverty Policy: The Earned Income Tax Credit and the Well-Being of American Families,” Pathways Magazine, Stanford Universty, Summer 2014.

Building on the Success of the Earned Income Tax Credit

“Building on the Success of the Earned Income Tax Credit,” Addressing America’s Poverty Crisis, The Hamilton Project, Summer 2014. | Event Website (The Hamilton Project) |

Immigrants, Welfare and the U.S. Safety Net

Marianne Bitler and Hilary Hoynes, “Immigrants, Welfare Reform, and the U.S. Safety Net,”  Immigration, Poverty, and Socioeconomic Inequality, Russell Sage Foundation, New York, NY, 2013. | Slides

Who Suffers During Recessions?

Hilary Hoynes, Douglas L. Miller, and Jessamyn Schaller, “Who Suffers During Recessions?” Journal of Economic Perspectives, Volume 26, Number 3, Summer 2012, pages 27–48. | Original Slides | Updated Slides

Media: The Wall Street Journal, Forbes

Research Summary: UC Davis Center for Poverty Research, NBER Digest 

Work Incentives and the Food Stamp Program

Hilary Hoynes, Hilary Williamson., and Diane Schanzenbach. "Work Incentives and the Food Stamp Program." Journal of Public Economics 96(1-2): 151-62, 2012. | Appendix

Media: Washington Post, Bloomberg

The Insurance Value of State Tax-and-Transfer Programs

Hilary Hoynes, Hilary Williamson., and Erzo F. P. Luttmer. "The Insurance Value of State Tax-and-transfer Programs." Journal of Public Economics 95(11-12): 1466-1484, 2011. | Slides | NBER Working Paper

Inside the War on Poverty: The Impact of the Food Stamp Program on Birth Outcomes

Douglas Almond, Hilary Williamson, Hilary Hoynes, and Diane Schanzenbach. "Inside the War on Poverty: The Impact of Food Stamps on Birth Outcomes." Review of Economics and Statistics, May 2011, Vol. 93, No. 2: 387-403. | Erratum | Appendix | Slides

Media: Jared Bernstein Blog, WonkBlog, White House Blog

Research Summaries: Microeconomic Insights

Data and programs: RESTAT data archive website

Can Targeted Transfers Improve Birth Outcomes? Evidence from the Introduction of the WIC Program

Hilary Hoynes, Marianne Page, Ann Huff Stevens. "Can targeted transfers improve birth outcomes? Evidence from the introduction of the WIC program." Journal of Public Economics 95, 813–827 (2011). | NBER Working Paper

Media: WonkBlog, White House Blog

The State of the Safety Net in the Post-Welfare Reform Era

Hilary Hoynes and Marianne Bitler. “The State of the Safety Net in the Post-Welfare Reform Era,” Brookings Papers on Economic Activity Fall 2010, pp. 71-127. | NBER Working Paper | Slides

Redistribution and Tax Expenditures: The Earned Income Tax Credit

Nada Eissa and Hilary Hoynes. “Redistribution and Tax Expenditures: The Earned Income Tax Credit,” National Tax Journal, June 2011, 64 (2, Part 2), 689-730. | Slides

Taxing the Family

Hilary Hoynes. Taxing the Family Commentary in "Dimensions of Tax Design: The Mirrlees Review," Stuart Adam, Timothy Besley, Richard Blundell, Stephen Bond, Robert Chote, Malcolm Gammie, Paul Johnson, Gareth Myles, and James Poterba, editors. Oxford University Press, 2010. | Project website (IFS)

Consumption Responses to In-Kind Transfers: Evidence from the Introduction of the Food Stamp Program

Hilary Hoynes and Diane Whitmore Schanzenbach. “Consumption Responses to In-Kind Transfers: Evidence from the Introduction of the Food Stamp Program,” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics Vol. 1, No. 4, October 2009, pp. 109-139. | AEJA Appendix | Slides

The Earned Income Tax Credit, Welfare Reform, and the Employment of Low Skill Single Mothers

Hilary Hoynes. “The Earned Income Tax Credit, Welfare Reform, and the Employment of Low Skill Single Mothers,” in Strategies for Improving Economic Mobility of Workers: Bridging Research and Practice, Maude Toussaint-Comeau and Bruce D. Meyer, eds. Upjohn Press. 2009.

Distributional Impacts of the Self Sufficiency Project

Marianne Bitler, Jonah Gelbach, Hilary Hoynes. “Distributional Impacts of the Self Sufficiency Project,”  Journal of Public Economics, Volume 92, Issues 3-4, pages 748-765, April 2008 | NBER Working Paper | Slides

Welfare Reform and Indirect Impacts on Health

Mariann Butler and Hilary Hoynes. "Welfare Reform and Indirect Impacts on Health,” in Making Americans Healthier: The Effects of Social and Economic Policy on Health, R. Schoeni, J. House, G. Kaplan, and H. Pollack, editors, Russell Sage Press, 2008. | NBER Working Paper

The Impact of Welfare Reform on Children’s Living Arrangements

Marianne Bitler, Jonah Belbach, Hilary Hoynes. “The Impact of Welfare Reform on Children's Living Arrangements,” Journal of Human Resources Volume 41, Number 1, pp. 1-27, Winter 2006. | Summary in Focus

What Mean Impacts Miss: Distributional Effects of Welfare Reform Experiments

Marianne Bitler, Jonah Belbach, Hilary Hoynes. “What Mean Impacts Miss: Distributional Effects of Welfare Reform Experiments,” American Economic Review Volume 96, Number 4, pp. 988-1012, September 2006. | NBER Working Paper

Poverty in America: Trends and Explanations

Hilary W. Hoynes, Marianne E. Page and Ann Huff Stevens. “Poverty in America: Trends and Explanations,” Journal of Economic Perspectives Volume 20, Number 1, pp. 47-68 2006.

Behavioral Responses to Taxes: Lessons from the EITC and Labor Supply

Nada Eissa and Hilary Hoynes. “Behavioral Responses to Taxes: Lessons from the EITC and Labor Supply,” Tax Policy and the Economy Volume 20, pp. 74-110. MIT Press, 2006. | NBER Digest | NBER Working Paper

The Hours of Work Response of Married Couples: Taxes and the Earned Income Tax Credit

Nada Eissa and Hilary Hoynes. “The Hours of Work Response of Married Couples: Taxes and the Earned Income Tax Credit,” in Tax Policy and Labor Market Performance, Jonas Agell and Peter Birch Sorensen, eds. MIT Press, 2006.

Welfare Reform and Health

Marianne Bitler, Jonah Belbach, Hilary Hoynes. “Welfare Reform and Health,” Journal of Human Resources Volume 40, Number 2, pp. 306-334, Spring 2005.

Taxes and the Labor Market Participation of Married Couples: The Earned Income Tax Credit

Nada Eissa and Hilary Hoynes. “Taxes and the Labor Market Participation of Married Couples: The Earned Income Tax Credit,” Journal of Public Economics, Volume 88, Number 9-10, pp. 1931-1958, August 2004. (with Nada Eissa). | NBER Digest Summary

The Impact of Welfare Reform on Marriage and Divorce

Marianne Bitler, Jonah Gelbach, Hilary Hoynes, and Madeline Zavodny. “The Impact of Welfare Reform on Marriage and Divorce,” Demography, Volume 41, Number 2, pp. 213-236, May 2004.

Tax Rates and Work Incentives in the Social Security Disability Income Program: Current Law and Proposed Reforms

Hilary Hoynes and Robert Moffitt. “Tax Rates and Work Incentives in the Social Security Disability Income Program: Current Law and Proposed Reforms,” National Tax Journal, Volume 52, No. 4, 623-654, December 1999.

Has In-Work Benefit Reform Helped the Labour Market?

Richard Blundell and Hilary Hoynes. “Has In-Work Benefit Reform Helped the Labour Market?" in Seeking a Premier Economy: The Economic Effects of British Economic Reforms, 1980-2000, edited by David Card, Richard Blundell and Richard Freeman. University of Chicago Press: Chicago, 2004.

Some Evidence on Race, Welfare Reform and Household Income

Marianne Bitler, Jonah Gelbach, and Hilary Hoynes. “Some Evidence on Race, Welfare Reform and Household Income,” American Economic Review, Volume 93, Number 2, pp. 293-298, May 2003.

Another Look at Whether a Rising Tide Lifts All Boats

James R. Hines, Jr., Hilary Hoynes, and Alan B. Krueger. “Another Look at Whether a Rising Tide Lifts All Boats,” in The Roaring Nineties: Can Full Employment Be Sustained? edited by Alan Krueger and Robert Solow. Russell Sage Foundation: New York, 2001.

Explaining the Fall and Rise in the Tax Cost of Marriage: The Effect of Tax Laws and Demographic Tre

Nada Eissa and Hilary Hoynes. “Explaining the Fall and Rise in the Tax Cost of Marriage: The Effect of Tax Laws and Demographic Trends, 1984-1997,” National Tax Journal, Volume 53, Number 3, Part 2, pp. 683-711, September 2000).

Local Labor Markets and Welfare Spells: Do Demand Conditions Matter?

Hilary Hoynes. “Local Labor Markets and Welfare Spells: Do Demand Conditions Matter?” Review of Economics and Statistics, Volume 82, Number 3, pages 351-368, August 2000.

A Non-Experimental Analysis of ‘True’ State Dependence in Monthly Welfare Participation Sequences

kenneth Chay, Hilary Hoynes, Dean Hyslop. “A Non-Experimental Analysis of 'True' State Dependence in Monthly Welfare Participation Sequences,” American Statistical Association, 1999 Proceedings of the Business and Economic Statistics Section, pp. 9-17.

Differential Mortality and Wealth Accumulation

Orazio Attanasio and Hilary Hoynes. “Differential Mortality and Wealth Accumulation,” Journal of Human Resources, Volume 35, Number 1, pp. 1-29, Winter 2000.

The Employment and Earnings of Less Skilled Workers Over the Business Cycle

Hilary Hoynes. “The Employment and Earnings of Less Skilled Workers Over the Business Cycle,” in Finding Jobs: Work and Welfare Reform, edited by Rebecca Blank and David Card. Russell Sage Foundation: New York, 2000, pages 23-71.

Household Wealth of the Elderly Under Alternative Imputation Procedures

Hilary Hoynes, Micharl Hurd, Harish Chand, “Household Wealth and the Elderly Under Alternative Imputation Procedures,” in Inquiries In The Economics of Aging, edited by David Wise. University of Chicago Press: Chicago, 1998, 229-254.

Work, Welfare, and Family Structure: What Have We Learned?

Hilary Hoynes, “Work, Welfare, and Family Structure: What Have We Learned?” in Fiscal Policy: Lessons From Economic Research, edited by Alan Auerbach. MIT Press: Cambridge, Mass, 1997, 101-146.

Does Welfare Play Any Role in Female Headship Decisions?

Hilary Hoynes, “Does Welfare Play Any Role in Female Headship Decisions?” in Journal of Public Economics, Volume 65 No. 2, 89-117, August 1997.

The Impact of Demographics on Housing and Non-Housing Wealth in the United States

Hilary Hoynes and Daniel McFadden, “The Impact of Demographics on Housing in Non-Housing Wealth in the United States,” in The Economic Effects of Aging in the United States and Japan, edited by Michael D. Hurd and Naohiro Yashiro. University of Chicago Press: Chicago, 1997, 153-194.

The Effectiveness of Financial Work Incentives in DI and SSI: Lessons from Other Transfer Programs

Hilary Hoynes and Robery Moffitt, “The Effectiveness of Financial Work Incentives in DI and SSI: Lessons from Other Transfer Programs” in Disability, Work and Cash Benefts, edited by Jerry Mashaw, Virginia Reno, Richard Burkhauser, and Monroe Berkowitz. Upjohn: Kalamazoo, Michigan, 1996, 189-222.

Welfare Transfers in Two-Parent Families

Hilary Hoynes, “Welfare Transfers in Two-Parent Families,” Econometrica, Volume 64 No. 2, 295-332, March 1996.

Has the Decline in Benefits Shortened Welfare Spells?

Hilary Hoynes and Tomas McCurdy, “Has the Decline in Benefits Shortened Welfare Spells?” American Economic Review, Volume 84 No. 2, 43- 48, 1994.